【已修改】DEVELOPING-CRITICAL-THINKING-SKILLS-IN-WRITING.ppt

1、Chapter5 DEVELOPINGCRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSINWRITING DevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills 5 1CriticalThinkingandWriting5 2ArgumentativeWriting5 3EffectiveWaysofDevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills 5 1CriticalThinkingandWriting WhatisCriticalThinkingCriticalThinkinginWritingLogicalReasoningCommonLogicalFallacies 1 WhatisCriticalThinking analyzingcapacitysummarizingcapacitysynthesizingcapacityreasoningcapacityappraisingcapacity 2 CriticalThinkinginWriting AdvancingathesisIssuesinvolvedinadvancingathesis Wha 3EffectiveWaysofDevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills 实践性是语言的特点之一 写作是运用语言表达思想 同时也是进行思辨的实践活动 它是一个发现的过程 解决问题的过程 也是一个创造的过程 祁寿华 2001 1 DevelopingWritingandCriticalThinkingSkillsthroughReading 2 DevelopingCriticalThinkingSkillsthroughWriting 培养思辨能力的途径 freewriting 自由写作 brainstorming 激发思维 branching 思维分支联想 Thecontinuationtask 读后续写 FreeWriting Freewritingissimplythepracticeofwritingwhatevercomesintoyourheadwithoutstoppingtojudgetheoutput Tobegin recordwhateverisgoingthroughyourmindatthemoment withoutworrying。

2、uctiveReasoning 归纳推理 在科学研究中归纳推理应用广泛 归纳推理指的是通过观察具体的例证得出一般性结论的推理过程 DeductiveReasoning 演绎推理 演绎推理与归纳推理形成鲜明对照 演绎推理得出的结论是肯定的 无疑义的 演绎推理的含义是利用普遍适用的规则和前提得出结论 InductiveorDeductiveReasoning Whenitrains thegrassgetswet Itrainedtoday Therefore thegrassiswet Thegrasshasbeenweteverytimeithasrained Therefore ifitrainstomorrow thegrasswillgetwet TwoRulestoFollowinReasoning 在演绎推理过程中 应当注意推理的有效性 deductivevalidity 为了实现推理的合理性和有效性 应当遵循两条原则 所有前提中提到的内容都是真实的 三段论式的推理是合乎理性的 SpecificRulesforDeductiveReasoning 自从亚里士多德以来 逻辑学家hegravedemandacertainloyalaffectionfromusthesamewaywehaveappreciatedtheirloyalserviceevenwhenitseemeditwaspainfultogive Peoplearesecretlyinlovewiththeirillusionofcontrol 这个段落很幽默又优美 介绍人们对汽车的喜爱合情合理 但是从根本上讲真相却是 幻觉 PleaseBePunctual Withtheadventoftheeraofknowledgeeconomy timeistreasuredbyanincreasingnumberofpeople However manyyoungpeopleattachlittleimportancetopunctuality which inmyopinion willgiverisetomanyproblems First youmayimpressotherpeopleasbeingunreliableanddishonest Whenyouarelateforajobint。

3、emberoftheGreenParty 上述三段论式中的小项Mr Jacobs没有对削减税收投赞成票 但是这并不说明Mr Jacobs属于GreenParty 在这个三段论式中 不能两个前提都具有否定的含义 因此 结论是错误的 两个特称前提不能得出结论 大前提 JanetBakerisasoprano 小前提 JanetBakerisamusician 结论 如果两个前提都是特称肯定命题 则这两个前提中没有一个项是周延的 这样 不论哪一个项做中项 都是不周延的 因此不能得出结论 总之 归纳推理中所选用的样本必须是真实的 同时结论的可靠性应该随着样本量的增大而增强 演绎推理的前提应具有真实性 推理过程应该是有效的 同时不违反逻辑思维的规则 HastyGeneralization 轻率的概括 证据不充分时所做的归纳 e g DeathsfromdrugoverdosesinMetropolishavedoubledinthepastthreeyears Therefore moreAmericansthaneveraredyingfromdrugabuse FalseAnalogy 虚假one Andyearslaterhebecameworldknown Humormaysustainusinhardtimesandbringhappinessineverydaylife Oncemyneighbortoldmethatheshavesfiftytimesaday Washecrazy Ofcoursenot heisabarber So mydearfriends remember weneedhumorandtrytobehumorousinyourlife Nexttime whenyouareasked HowcanIstopwaterfromcomingintomyhouse Say Don tpaythewaterbill Whydopeoplelovetodriveacar Peoplegenerallyprefertodrivetheircarssimplybecausetheyprefercontrol Theycan tcontrolthebustoddlinginabittoolateorthespeedofthetrain Peoplehav。

4、hyworryaboutpandasbecomingextinctwhenweshouldbeconcernedabouttheplightofthehomeless Self Contradiction 自相矛盾 这种逻辑错误是指两种情况不能同时都是真实的 e g Onlywhennuclearweaponshavefinallydestroyeduswillwebeconvincedoftheneedtocontrolthem PostHoc FalseCause 错误的因果关系 因为A发生在B之后 就认为B是A发生的原因 e g SinceGovernorLeetookoffice unemploymentforminoritiesinthestatehasdecreasedby7percent GovernorLeeshouldbeapplaudedforreducingunemploymentamongminorities ArgumenttothePeople 利用人的偏见 这种错误利用了人们的偏见 e g Inacourtoflaw thejuryvotebymajorigsurroundedbymillionsofpeople yetfeelinglikeahermit Itseemstruethateveryindividual schoolorareacharacteristicshadaspecificlinktopsychosis Livinginacitywasassociatedwitha41percenthigherchanceofpsychosiscomparedtoruralliving andthelifetimeriskoflivinginacityandgettingthediseasemightbeabout15percentmorethanthoseinruralareas Outofallthevariablesexamined aweaksocialconnectionwasthemostsignificant Inviteafewfriendsandgetoutofthecityforawalkinnature Otherstudieshaveshowngettingoutdoorsforsome greenexer。

5、generalization 过度概括 在证据尚不充分的基础上做出了具有高度概括性的结论 这种错误的陈述经常与all always never等表示绝对含义的词语连用 e g Alldemocratsareliberals NonSequitur 无前提的推理 这种逻辑错误指的是结论与前提不相关 e g Icantellsheisanatheist becauseshenevergoestochurch GuiltbyAssociation 语义株连 逻辑推理的三段论式中起媒介作用的中项或联接项没有得到周延 e g Dogshavefourlegs Lambshavefourlegs Therefore dogsarelambs 5 2ArgumentativeWriting Compositiontypesinwriting 1 Comparative ArgumentEssay 2 Pro and ConEssay 3 Inductive and DeductiveEssay 4 Cause and EffectEssay 1 Comparative ArgumentEssay 比amesareinEnglish SothemoregamesIplay thegreaterprogressImakeinEnglish Thegamesareentertainingandinstructive IalsolikesurfingontheInternet Thereisahugeamountofinformationthere Ithasbecomemoreandmorepopularandimportant ItissaidthatthosewhocontroltheInternetwillconquertheworldinthefuture ThatisperhapsanillusionbutIwanttobeamasterofthefuture Inaword Ilikeplayingwithmycomputerverymuch Itappealstomycuriosityandmydesiretoescapefromthelimitedworldofmyroom 4 CauseandEffectEssay 因果分析型议论文一般用于解释和分析公众所关心的某一社。